HISTORY AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLD CITY OF SAMARKAND
Abstract
This article provides a scholarly analysis of the formation of the Old City of Samarkand, its historical stages of development, and the evolution of its urban planning structure across different historical periods. The research is based on a comparative study of archaeological evidence, historical written sources, and the results of contemporary urban studies. The development dynamics of Samarkand are examined from the ancient Afrasiyab period through the Timurid era and subsequent stages. The findings of the study serve as an important scientific basis for understanding the present-day cultural and landscape identity of the Old City of Samarkand.
Keywords
Samarkand, old city, Afrasiyab, urban planning, historical development, architectural space.
References
- Bandarin, F., & van Oers, R. (2012). The Historic Urban Landscape: Managing Heritage in an Urban Century. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Belenitsky, A. M. (1990). Central Asia in the Early Middle Ages. Moscow: Nauka.
- Istakhri. (1870). Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik. Leiden: Brill.
- Khodjayev, A. (2008). Urban Development of Historic Cities in Central Asia. Tashkent: Fan.
- Khodjayev, A. (2018). Urban Transformation in Central Asian Historic Cities. Cham: Springer.
- Logan, W., Craith, M. N., & Kockel, U. (2015). A Companion to Heritage Studies. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Masson, V. M. (1966). Ancient Cities of Central Asia. Leningrad: Nauka.
- Pendlebury, J., Erten, E., & Larkham, P. (2020). Urban Heritage and Sustainability: Managing the Past for the Future. London: Routledge.
- Pugachenkova, G. A. (1976). The Architecture of Central Asia. Moscow: Iskusstvo.
- Pugachenkova, G. A. (1996). Samarkand: The Architecture of the Time of Timur. Tashkent: International Institute for Central Asian Studies.
- Rtveladze, E. V. (2010). The Great Silk Road and the Cities of Central Asia. Tashkent: Uzbekistan National Encyclopedia.
- Rtveladze, E. V. (2012). Ancient Samarkand: History and Archaeology. Tashkent: Fan.
- Rtveladze, E. V. (2014). Ancient and Medieval Samarkand: Urban Development and Cultural Layers. Tashkent.
- Taylor, K., & Lennon, J. (2021). Managing Cultural Landscapes. London: Routledge.
- Tolstov, S. P. (1948). Ancient Khorezm. Moscow: Moscow State University Press.
- UNESCO. (2011). Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (2016). Historic Cities and Urban Heritage. Paris: UNESCO.
- UNESCO. (2022). World Heritage and Sustainable Urban Development. Paris: UNESCO.
- Vale, L. J., & Campanella, T. J. (2019). The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Yazdi, Sharaf al-Din Ali. (1972). Zafarnoma. Tashkent: Fan.
- Alimuhamedov, R., & Abduraimov, Sh. (2023). Stages of Development of the Historical Urban Space of Samarkand. Tashkent.