CLINICAL AND HORMONAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY DYSFUNCTION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL–AGED CHILDREN AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children is a significant medical and social problem due to its potential long-term neurological and endocrine consequences. Among these, hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction represents one of the most underdiagnosed but clinically important complications. This article analyzes the clinical and hormonal manifestations of hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction in primary school–aged children following traumatic brain injury. The study highlights the spectrum of neuroendocrine disorders, their pathophysiological mechanisms, and diagnostic challenges. Understanding early clinical and hormonal changes is essential for timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and prevention of long-term complications in pediatric patients.
Keywords
Traumatic brain injury, children, hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction, neuroendocrine disorders, hormonal imbalance, pediatric endocrinology
References
- Schneider, H. J., Kreitschmann-Andermahr, I., Ghigo, E., Stalla, G. K., & Agha, A. (2007). Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. JAMA, 298(12), 1429–1438.
- Agha, A., & Thompson, C. J. (2006). High risk of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(6), 2105–2111.
- Tanriverdi, F., et al. (2015). Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: A clinical and pathophysiological approach. Endocrine Reviews, 36(3), 305–342.
- Acerini, C. L., et al. (2013). Endocrine sequelae of traumatic brain injury in children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 98(7), 567–572.
- Kokshoorn, N. E., et al. (2010). Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury: Prevalence and clinical implications. Pituitary, 13(4), 273–279.