DIFFICULTIES AND EQUIVALENCE IN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TRANSLATION

Abstract

Scientific and technical translation requires a high degree of linguistic precision and subject matter knowledge. This article explores the core structural and methodological aspects of English-Uzbek scientific translation, focusing on the equivalence and adequacy of translation. It examines essential translation methods such as borrowing, calquing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalency, and adaptation. Each method is analyzed in the context of bridging linguistic and cultural gaps while preserving technical accuracy and stylistic clarity. The article also highlights the challenges translators face, including semantic gaps, structural mismatches, and the need for terminological consistency. Emphasis is placed on the importance of translator competence in both languages, domain knowledge, and a deep understanding of technical registers.